Lay Flat Irrigation Hose for Sale – Durable & Efficient PVC Hoses

Introduction to High-Performance Layflat Hoses for Fluid Transfer

In modern agricultural, industrial, and municipal water management, efficient fluid transfer systems are paramount. The demand for robust, flexible, and easily deployable solutions has led to the widespread adoption of layflat hoses. This comprehensive article focuses on the critical aspects of high-quality lay flat irrigation hose for sale, providing an in-depth analysis for B2B decision-makers and technical engineers. We delve into their manufacturing, technical specifications, diverse applications, and the competitive advantages offered by leading suppliers in the market. Understanding the nuances of these critical components is essential for optimizing operational efficiency and ensuring long-term system reliability across various demanding environments.

Industry Trends and Market Dynamics in Layflat Hose Technology

The global market for layflat hoses, particularly those for irrigation and discharge applications, is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing agricultural demands, urbanization, and industrial expansion. According to market analysis, the global industrial hose market is projected to reach approximately USD 19 billion by 2027, with layflat hoses forming a significant segment due to their cost-effectiveness and versatility. Key trends include the development of lighter, stronger materials, enhanced UV and chemical resistance, and an increasing focus on sustainable manufacturing practices. The shift towards precision irrigation and the need for reliable water transfer solutions in construction and mining further amplify the demand for high-performance lay flat irrigation hose for sale. Innovations in polymer technology, particularly in PVC and TPE formulations, are enabling manufacturers to produce hoses with superior burst pressure ratings and extended service life, making them suitable for a broader array of high-pressure and abrasive applications.

Emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are significant contributors to this growth, fueled by infrastructure development and agricultural modernization projects. There’s also a rising emphasis on environmental compliance, driving demand for hoses that are free of harmful chemicals and can withstand challenging environmental conditions without degradation. This strategic evolution ensures that modern layflat solutions meet not only performance metrics but also ecological responsibilities.

Manufacturing Process of High-Performance PVC Layflat Hoses

The production of high-quality PVC Layflat Hoses involves a sophisticated extrusion and weaving process designed to ensure durability, flexibility, and consistent performance. This multi-stage manufacturing regimen adheres to stringent quality control protocols, typically aligning with international standards such as ISO 9001. The meticulous process flow guarantees a product that withstands demanding operational environments.

Detailed Process Flow Overview:

  1. Raw Material Preparation: High-grade PVC resin, carefully selected plasticizers (e.g., phthalate-free for specific applications), stabilizers (e.g., calcium-zinc based), and UV inhibitors are precisely measured and compounded in high-shear mixers to form a homogeneous granulate. This initial step is crucial for achieving optimal flexibility, chemical resistance, and long-term UV stability, which directly impacts the hose’s service life.
  2. Textile Reinforcement Weaving: A high-tensile, circularly woven polyester yarn, often utilizing multifilament fibers for superior longitudinal and transverse strength, is prepared. This seamless textile jacket forms the structural backbone, providing inherent burst strength and dimensional stability, crucial for preventing elongation under pressure.
  3. Co-extrusion & Bonding: The prepared PVC compound is melted and simultaneously extruded over and through the woven textile jacket using advanced co-extrusion dies. This process ensures a complete and integral encapsulation, creating a strong molecular bond between the PVC lining, the reinforcing textile, and the PVC cover. This bonding technique effectively eliminates delamination and produces a smooth internal bore, minimizing friction loss.
  4. Cooling & Sizing: The nascent hose, still hot from extrusion, is then rapidly cooled in water baths to solidify the PVC, preventing thermal degradation and ensuring material integrity. Subsequent sizing units precisely calibrate the outer diameter and wall thickness to meet specified tolerances, which is vital for consistent pressure ratings.
  5. Winding & Curing: After cooling and sizing, the continuous hose is carefully wound onto large, industrial-grade reels, typically in lengths of 100m or 200m. A post-extrusion curing period may be initiated, allowing the PVC molecular structure to fully stabilize and achieve peak mechanical properties.
  6. Quality Control & Testing: Each production batch undergoes rigorous, multi-point testing. This includes hydrostatic pressure testing (confirming both working and burst pressures), tensile strength tests on material samples, abrasion resistance analysis (e.g., according to ASTM D3389), UV degradation tests, and precise dimensional checks. Adherence to standards like ISO 1402 (Rubber and plastic hoses for water discharge), AS 2623 (Australian Standard for layflat hose for general purpose water use), or bespoke client specifications is meticulously verified.
  7. Finishing & Packaging: Finalized hoses are cut to specified retail lengths, fitted with desired couplings (e.g., camlock, Bauer, Storz) if ordered, using professional crimping or banding techniques. They are then inspected for cosmetic flaws, coiled, and packaged securely for transport and dispatch.

Product Materials: The core material is premium virgin PVC, known for its excellent chemical resistance, UV stability, and flexibility. Reinforcement is typically high-tenacity polyester filament, providing superior tensile strength and burst pressure ratings. For enhanced performance, select formulations may include a PVC/nitrile blend for increased oil and abrasion resistance.

Testing Standards & Service Life: Our products are tested to meet or exceed international standards such as ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for quality management (ISO 9001) and specific product performance norms like ISO 1402. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) compliance is also maintained for relevant markets, ensuring reliability and compatibility. Typical service life for properly maintained PVC layflat hoses can exceed 5-7 years, significantly reducing total cost of ownership.

Target Industries & Advantages: These hoses are indispensable in petrochemical (non-hydrocarbon transfer), metallurgy, mining, construction, and municipal water supply & drainage sectors. Their advantages in typical application scenarios include significant energy saving due to low internal friction loss, superior corrosion resistance to various chemicals and effluents, and exceptional abrasion resistance, reducing maintenance and replacement costs.

lay flat irrigation hose for sale manufacturing process

Figure 1: High-precision extrusion and bonding stage in PVC layflat hose manufacturing.

Technical Specifications and Performance Parameters

Understanding the technical specifications of a PVC Layflat Hose is crucial for selecting the correct product for specific operational requirements. Our extensive range of lay flat irrigation hose for sale is engineered to deliver peak performance under diverse conditions. These hoses are characterized by parameters such as inner diameter (ID), wall thickness, working pressure (WP), burst pressure (BP), temperature range, and coil length. The construction typically features a high-grade thermoplastic material, usually a PVC/nitrile blend or pure PVC, extruded to form a seamless tube, reinforced with a high-strength synthetic fabric for dimensional stability and pressure resistance.

For industrial applications, the distinction between a standard pvc layflat hose for sale and a high-pressure lay flat discharge hose is often defined by the reinforcement density and the thickness of the external jacket, influencing both its pressure rating and abrasion resistance. Critical performance parameters ensure suitability for applications from low-head gravity feeds to high-pressure pump discharge.

Typical Product Specifications (PVC Layflat Hose)

Parameter Specification / Range
Material High-grade Virgin PVC with Circular Woven Polyester Reinforcement
Inner Diameter (ID) 1.5 inch (38mm) to 12 inch (305mm); up to 16 inch (406mm) on request
Working Pressure (WP) 3 Bar (45 psi) to 16 Bar (235 psi), dependent on ID and wall thickness
Burst Pressure (BP) Typically 3x Working Pressure (Safety Factor)
Temperature Range -10°C to +60°C (14°F to 140°F) for continuous operation
UV Resistance Excellent, with integrated UV inhibitors for outdoor longevity
Abrasion Resistance Good to Excellent (depending on outer jacket thickness & formulation)
Chemical Resistance Resistant to most aqueous solutions, mild acids, alkalis, and fertilizers
Coil Lengths 50ft (15m) to 660ft (200m) standard, customizable options available

These detailed specifications ensure that our PVC Layflat Hoses are suitable for a wide array of applications, from low-pressure agricultural irrigation to high-pressure industrial water transfer. Compliance with industry standards like ISO 1402 for rubber and plastic hoses for water discharge ensures consistent quality and performance.

Diverse Application Scenarios Across Industries

The versatility of layflat hoses makes them indispensable across numerous sectors requiring efficient and reliable fluid conveyance. Their ability to handle high volumes of water, sludge, and certain chemicals, coupled with their ease of storage and deployment, makes them a preferred choice for diverse applications.

  • Agriculture & Irrigation: Essential for large-scale crop irrigation, pivot system supply lines, and field drainage. Their flexibility allows for easy routing across varied terrains, and their smooth inner bore minimizes friction loss, contributing to energy saving in pumping operations, a critical factor for operational costs.
  • Mining & Construction: Used extensively for dewatering operations in open-pit mines and construction sites, slurry transfer, and general water supply. The robust construction ensures resistance to abrasion from rough terrain and prolonged exposure to harsh conditions, reducing frequent replacements.
  • Municipal & Emergency Services: Critical for temporary water bypass systems during infrastructure repairs, rapid flood control, and emergency potable water supply. Their rapid deployment and retrieval capabilities are highly valued in urgent situations, providing immediate solutions.
  • Industrial & Wastewater Management: Utilized for process water transfer, effluent discharge, and general industrial fluid handling. The excellent corrosion resistance of PVC makes them suitable for handling a range of industrial liquids without degradation or contamination.
  • Oil & Gas (Non-Hydrocarbon Transfer): While not typically for hydrocarbons, these hoses are used for water transfer, dewatering, and general utility services in oil and gas fields, offering a cost-effective and reliable solution for non-critical fluid movements.

These hoses demonstrate significant advantages such as energy saving through optimized flow dynamics, superior corrosion resistance to various agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents, and enhanced abrasion resistance, which translates to a longer service life and reduced operational expenditures. Their ease of handling further reduces labor costs.

lay flat irrigation hose for sale in agricultural application

Figure 2: Layflat Hoses deployed in a large-scale agricultural irrigation project, optimizing water distribution.

Key Technical Advantages of PVC Layflat Hoses

PVC layflat hoses offer a compelling array of technical advantages that position them as a superior choice for many fluid transfer applications compared to traditional rigid piping or heavier rubber hoses. These benefits translate directly into operational efficiencies and cost savings for B2B enterprises.

  • Exceptional Flexibility & Portability: Their ability to flatten completely when not in use allows for compact storage and transportation, reducing required space by up to 80% compared to rigid pipes. This significantly reduces logistical costs and labor for deployment and retrieval, making them ideal for temporary or mobile setups.
  • High Burst and Working Pressure: Thanks to advanced polyester reinforcement, these hoses can withstand considerable internal pressures (up to 16 Bar), making them suitable for demanding pumping systems without risk of premature failure. The multi-ply construction ensures a high safety factor.
  • Superior Abrasion Resistance: The robust outer jacket made of wear-resistant PVC protects against cuts, punctures, and surface abrasion from dragging over rough terrain, prolonging the hose’s operational life even in harsh environments like construction sites or rocky mining operations.
  • Chemical & UV Resistance: The specialized PVC material is inherently resistant to a wide range of chemicals, acids, alkalis, and fertilizers, preventing material degradation and ensuring integrity during chemical transfer. Integrated UV inhibitors protect against solar radiation, crucial for outdoor applications like a lay flat irrigation hose for sale, extending their outdoor lifespan.
  • Low Friction Loss: The smooth inner bore minimizes flow resistance and turbulence, ensuring efficient fluid transfer and consequently reducing energy consumption for pumps. This directly translates to tangible operational cost savings, especially in long-distance transfer applications.
  • Ease of Coupling & Maintenance: Compatible with various quick-connect couplings (e.g., camlock, Bauer, Storz), these hoses allow for rapid assembly and disassembly. Their low-maintenance nature, requiring only occasional cleaning and visual inspection, further enhances their cost-effectiveness over their lifespan.

These comprehensive advantages underscore the technical superiority and economic benefits of investing in high-quality PVC layflat hoses for diverse B2B applications, providing a reliable and efficient solution for fluid management challenges.

Vendor Comparison: Key Selection Criteria for Layflat Hoses

Selecting the right supplier for PVC layflat hoses is as crucial as understanding the product itself. A strategic vendor comparison should extend beyond mere price points to encompass quality, customization capabilities, after-sales support, and adherence to industry standards, ensuring a long-term, reliable partnership.

Critical Factors for Vendor Evaluation:

  • Product Quality & Certifications: Prioritize manufacturers with ISO 9001 certification, demonstrating a robust commitment to quality management systems. Verify adherence to specific product standards (e.g., AS 2623 for PVC layflat hoses in Australia, or relevant European/US norms like FDA for food-grade applications), ensuring product reliability and safety.
  • Technical Expertise & R&D: A reputable vendor will possess a strong R&D department capable of innovating and providing in-depth technical guidance. Their ability to explain the nuances of material composition, manufacturing processes, and specific performance characteristics signifies deep expertise and a commitment to advancement.
  • Customization Capabilities: The ability to provide tailored solutions for specific diameters, lengths, pressure ratings, colors, or fitting types can be a significant advantage, especially for unique project requirements or integration with specialized equipment.
  • Lead Time & Supply Chain Reliability: Evaluate a vendor’s typical lead times, current production capacity, and logistical efficiency to ensure timely delivery, particularly for large or recurring orders. A stable supply chain minimizes project delays and operational disruptions.
  • Warranty & After-Sales Support: A comprehensive warranty period and responsive customer support for technical issues, installation guidance, or replacements are strong indicators of trustworthiness and commitment to client satisfaction.
  • Pricing & Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): While initial price is a factor, consider the TCO, which includes durability, energy efficiency (due to low friction), and reduced maintenance requirements. A slightly higher initial investment in a quality product often yields greater long-term savings through extended lifespan and reduced operational overhead.

Comparative Analysis of Layflat Hose Types

Feature Standard PVC Layflat Heavy-Duty PVC Layflat (e.g., for lay flat discharge hose) Specialized PU Layflat (for extreme conditions)
Material Composition Virgin PVC with high-tenacity Polyester reinforcement Thicker PVC/Nitrile blend with higher-denier Polyester reinforcement High-grade Polyurethane (PU) with Polyester reinforcement
Typical Working Pressure (ID 4″) Up to 6 Bar (90 psi) Up to 12 Bar (175 psi) Up to 18 Bar (260 psi)
Abrasion Resistance Good Excellent (thick jacket for rugged terrains) Superior (often best-in-class for longevity)
Chemical Resistance Good (Acids, Alkalis, Fertilizers) Very Good (Broader range, some oils and greases) Excellent (Hydrocarbons, aggressive chemicals)
Temperature Range -10°C to +60°C -20°C to +80°C -40°C to +100°C
Weight (per meter, 4″ ID) Approx. 0.5 kg/m Approx. 0.8 kg/m Approx. 0.4 kg/m (for equivalent strength, lighter overall)
Relative Cost Economical Mid-range Premium

This comparison highlights that while PVC layflat hoses are highly versatile and cost-effective, specific applications may warrant a heavier-duty PVC blend or even a different polymer like PU for extreme conditions such as prolonged abrasive contact or very low temperatures.

lay flat irrigation hose for sale quality control

Figure 3: Rigorous quality assurance and advanced testing protocols applied to layflat hoses.

Customized Solutions and OEM Capabilities for Optimal Integration

Recognizing that standard products may not always meet the unique demands of every project, leading manufacturers offer extensive customized solutions and OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) capabilities. This flexibility allows clients to procure layflat hoses precisely tailored to their operational parameters, optimizing performance, ensuring compatibility, and enhancing cost-efficiency.

Customization options typically include:

  • Specific Diameters and Lengths: Beyond standard sizes, hoses can be manufactured to precise internal diameters (e.g., fractional inches or non-standard metric) and continuous lengths up to several hundred meters, significantly reducing the need for multiple connections and associated leak points.
  • Tailored Pressure Ratings: Engineering the textile reinforcement and PVC wall thickness to achieve exact working and burst pressure requirements, crucial for high-pressure pumping systems, especially in applications where safety factors are paramount.
  • Enhanced Material Compounds: Development of specialized PVC formulations with increased resistance to specific chemicals, extreme temperatures, prolonged UV exposure, or even specialized anti-static and food-grade variants certified by bodies like the FDA for potable water or food contact.
  • Integrated Couplings and Fittings: Hoses can be supplied pre-fitted with a wide variety of quick-connect couplings (e.g., camlock, Bauer, Storz, threaded connections), crimped or banded to client specifications, ensuring a ready-to-deploy, leak-proof solution.
  • Branding and Color Coding: Custom colors for easy identification on site, safety differentiation, or corporate branding. Specific product information, batch numbers, or company logos can also be permanently printed onto the hose jacket.

Leveraging OEM capabilities allows clients to seamlessly integrate high-quality, custom-engineered layflat hoses directly into their systems, ensuring optimal compatibility and performance for their end-users. This approach is particularly valuable for equipment manufacturers, large-scale project contractors, and organizations with unique operational demands.

Real-World Application Case Studies

Real-world applications unequivocally demonstrate the practical advantages, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of high-quality layflat hoses. These case studies highlight their performance in demanding scenarios.

Case Study 1: Large-Scale Agricultural Irrigation in Arid Regions

A major agricultural enterprise in a semi-arid region required an efficient and rapidly deployable irrigation system for over 500 acres of newly cultivated land. Traditional rigid piping proved too costly and labor-intensive to install and relocate seasonally. They opted for 8-inch PVC lay flat irrigation hose for sale, specifically designed for high-flow, low-pressure applications, extending over a total length of 10 kilometers.

  • Challenge: Rapid deployment and retrieval, minimal energy consumption for pumping, and robust resistance to intense UV radiation and common agricultural fertilizers.
  • Solution: Lightweight and highly flexible PVC layflat hoses allowed for quick unrolling and repositioning across varied topography. The smooth internal surface ensured minimal head loss, which reduced pumping energy by an estimated 15% compared to alternative solutions, leading to significant fuel and electricity savings. Integrated UV inhibitors prevented material degradation under prolonged sun exposure.
  • Result: The project saw a 30% reduction in initial installation time and associated labor costs. The hoses have performed reliably for three consecutive growing seasons, showing no significant degradation despite intense sun exposure and constant contact with agricultural chemicals. Customer feedback highlighted the “unparalleled ease of management and impressive durability.”

Case Study 2: Mine Dewatering in Remote, Abrasive Terrain

A large-scale mining operation faced persistent dewatering challenges in a remote, mountainous region. The rugged, rocky terrain and fluctuating water volumes demanded a flexible, highly abrasive-resistant, and high-pressure hose solution for transferring substantial volumes of water over several kilometers to settling ponds.

  • Challenge: Extreme external abrasion from sharp rocks, high internal operating pressures due to elevation changes, irregular terrain demanding flexibility, and significant logistical difficulties for transporting heavy, rigid pipes.
  • Solution: We supplied heavy-duty PVC layflat discharge hoses with a uniquely formulated, thick, abrasive-resistant outer jacket and a robust reinforced textile internal structure, rated for 12 Bar working pressure. These hoses were chosen specifically for their superior resistance to both internal pressure and external wear.
  • Result: The robust construction significantly reduced hose failures and replacement frequency, cutting maintenance costs by an impressive 25% over the first year of operation. The inherent flexibility of the hoses allowed for efficient routing around natural obstacles without the need for complex and costly rigid pipeline infrastructure, simplifying installation. The client praised the “exceptional resilience and long-term performance” under arduous, continuous operating conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are the primary advantages of PVC layflat hoses over traditional rigid pipes for B2B applications?

A1: PVC layflat hoses offer superior flexibility, allowing for easy routing and conforming to uneven terrain. Their ability to flatten when not in use drastically reduces storage volume and transportation costs. They are significantly lighter, facilitating faster deployment and retrieval, and exhibit excellent resistance to abrasion, chemicals, and UV radiation, which translates to lower labor, logistical, and maintenance costs over their operational lifespan.

Q2: How do I accurately determine the correct pressure rating for my specific application?

A2: The required working pressure depends critically on your pump’s maximum output, the system’s peak operating pressure, and any potential hydraulic surges. It is crucial to select a hose with a working pressure rating that is at least 1.5 to 2 times greater than your anticipated maximum operating pressure. Our technical team is equipped to assist in calculating precise requirements based on your system parameters (e.g., flow rate, elevation, liquid density).

Q3: Can these hoses handle chemicals, or are they exclusively for water transfer?

A3: Our PVC layflat hoses are designed to handle a wide range of chemicals, including many acids, alkalis, and fertilizers, thanks to the inherent chemical resistance of PVC. However, for specific or highly corrosive chemicals, or for applications involving solvents or hydrocarbons, we highly recommend consulting our detailed chemical compatibility charts or providing full details for a tailored material solution to ensure safety and longevity.

Q4: What is the typical service life expectancy of a PVC layflat hose?

A4: With proper selection, installation, care, and maintenance appropriate for the specific application, a high-quality PVC layflat hose can provide reliable service for 5 to 7 years, and often longer. Factors such as the degree of external abrasion, intensity of UV exposure, type and concentration of chemical contact, and frequency/severity of pressure cycling directly impact the hose’s longevity. Regular inspection and proper storage practices will maximize service life.

lay flat irrigation hose for sale ready for dispatch

Figure 4: Securely packaged layflat hoses awaiting shipment, illustrating efficient logistics.

Lead Time, Fulfillment, and Global Logistics Capabilities

Efficient logistics and transparent lead times are critical components for successful B2B operations and project management. We pride ourselves on streamlined production processes and robust global distribution capabilities to ensure the timely delivery of our high-quality PVC layflat hoses, meeting our clients’ demanding schedules.

  • Standard Lead Time: For common specifications and items regularly held in stock, typical lead times range from 1 to 3 weeks. This depends on current order volumes, production schedules, and the specific destination.
  • Customized Orders: For orders involving custom diameters, specific lengths, unique color requirements, or specialized material compositions, lead times may extend to 4-6 weeks to accommodate necessary design, tooling, and dedicated manufacturing processes. We provide precise timelines upon detailed order confirmation.
  • Fulfillment & Production Capacity: Our state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities boast a substantial daily production capacity, enabling us to efficiently handle both small batch orders for niche projects and large-scale industrial requirements. We maintain strategic stock levels of popular pvc layflat hose for sale to expedite urgent requests and minimize delays.
  • Global Logistics & Shipping: We offer a comprehensive suite of shipping options, including reliable sea freight for cost-effectiveness, efficient air freight for expedited delivery, and dedicated courier services for smaller, urgent consignments. Our experienced logistics team meticulously manages all necessary documentation, customs procedures, and international regulations to facilitate smooth, compliant cross-border transactions and on-time delivery to international destinations.

Robust Warranty Commitments and Expert Customer Support

Our unwavering commitment to quality extends far beyond the point of product delivery. We stand firmly behind the superior performance and inherent durability of our PVC layflat hoses with robust warranty programs and dedicated, responsive customer support, ensuring peace of mind for our B2B clients.

  • Standard Warranty: All our PVC layflat hoses are backed by a minimum 12-month limited warranty against manufacturing defects from the date of purchase. This comprehensive warranty covers any flaws in material or workmanship under normal operating conditions, as clearly specified by our technical datasheets and installation guidelines.
  • Extended Warranty Options: For large-scale projects, critical infrastructure applications, or specific industrial sectors requiring enhanced assurance, extended warranty packages can be meticulously arranged. These options provide additional peace of mind and significantly extend the long-term investment protection for your fluid transfer systems.
  • Dedicated Customer Support: Our highly skilled technical support team is readily available to assist with every stage of your project – from initial product selection and detailed installation guidance to troubleshooting and any post-purchase inquiries. We are committed to providing prompt, knowledgeable, and effective assistance to ensure continuous operational efficiency and maximize the value derived from our products.
  • Quality Assurance & Certifications: As an ISO-certified manufacturer (e.g., ISO 9001:2015 for quality management), our entire production process undergoes continuous scrutiny, rigorous testing, and systematic improvement. Each batch of hoses is subjected to stringent quality control checks, including hydraulic burst tests, material integrity assessments, and dimensional stability evaluations, to guarantee consistent compliance with published specifications and all relevant international standards.

We proudly partner with clients ranging from small agricultural cooperatives to multinational corporations, building enduring relationships based on unwavering trust, uncompromising quality, and mutual success. Our extensive years of dedicated service and experience in the fluid transfer industry are a testament to our steadfast commitment to excellence and client satisfaction.

Authoritative References

  1. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9001:2015 – Quality management systems – Requirements. Geneva, Switzerland.
  2. ASTM International. ASTM D1695 – Standard Terminology of Plastics. West Conshohocken, PA.
  3. Global Market Insights. Industrial Hose Market Size, By Material, Application, Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Growth Potential, Price Trend, Competitive Market Share & Forecast, 2021 – 2027.
  4. Plastics Industry Association. Fundamentals of PVC: Properties and Applications. Washington, D.C.
  5. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 1402:2009 – Rubber and plastic hoses for water discharge — Specification. Geneva, Switzerland.

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